Study Guide for the Final Exam


These questions will be on your exam. Fill in the blank with the correct answers. There are several versions of the exam so you are given ALL of the questions from the different exams. All of these answers can be found in your book, notes, packets, and class activities. You will need to turn in this study guide when you have your final! Failure to turn it in will receive 20 points off their final grade!


I Chapter 11-The Middle Ages and Church Control
Fill in the answer

1. The rank of church officials correctly from low to high was _____________, ________________, and _______________ (priest, bishop, pope)

2. In Europe in the Middle Ages, who was most likely would be able to read and write? _______________ (group of people)


3. In 1071 the Byzantine Empire was invaded by _________________

4. How was the Fourth Crusade different from the First crusade? __________________________________________________________________________________

5. Crusade means _______________ _____________________.

6. A heretic was one who __________________________________

7. If a crusader fought he was promised _________________________________________________.

8. A French-knight crusader was referred to as a _______________________.

9. The Christians captured Jerusalem in _____________ (year)
10. The main crusader state was _____________________.

11. The Muslims retook Jerusalem in ___________ (year)

12. One of the biggest and most popular type of architecture during the Middle Ages was _______________________ (type)

13. What marked the end of the Medieval Era ______________________________________________ (time period)

14. Manu Scriptus means _________________________ (translation)

15. The Black Death was transmitted by______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

16. The Plague was called the black death because ____________________________________________________________________________________

17. The late middle ages was a time of _______________________________________________________

18. What was sparked by Pope Urban II famous 1095 speech ______________________________________________________________________________(event)

19. Where did the Plague originate? ___________________________________________________ (continent)
20. A person who disagreed with the Catholic Church were known as _____________________________________________________________________ (group)

21. How many soldiers headed the call to fight in the crusades? ________________________ (number)

22. The children’s crusade involved this amount of children. _________________________ (number)

23. The children’s crusade failed because _________________________________ (reason)

24. The end of the crusade brought ____________________________________ (effects)

25. What was a heresy grace period? __________________________________________________ (during the Inquisition)

26. What was the Conduct of Inquiry? ____________________________________________________ (during the Inquisition)

II Chapter 12-The Renaissance
Fill in the answer

27. Who discovered the pendulum in the clock? ___________________________________ (person)

28. Who invented the printing press? ____________________________ (person)

29. Before muskets, soldiers fought with: _____________________________ (types of weapons).

30. The flush toilet was invented by ______________________________________________ (person)

31. What types of jobs did merchants have? ___________________________________________

32. Michelangelo’s patron was _____________________________ (person)

33. How many city-states were in Italy? ___________________________ (number)

34. Italian city-states suffered from _________________________ (type of conflicts)

35. Venice was a major center of trade mainly because _____________________________ (reason)

36. The Italian intellectual movement based on the study of classical culture is known as _________________.

37. The writer of the most famous political works of the Renaissance “The Prince” was _______________________________ (person)

38. Some of the major Italian city-states were ___________________________________________________________________________________

39. In general, who were the most powerful people in each city-state? ______________________________ (group)

40. The Renaissance was known for being the time of the greatest works of _______________________,_________________, and _____________________________.

41. Population rose during the Renaissance because of increased __________________ __________________.

42. Who isn’t a Northern Renaissance painter? (Durer, Holbein, Castiglione, and Jan Van Eyck)

43. An oligarchy means to be ruled by ___ ______________ _______________ _________________..

44. A “condottieri” was a group of __________________ _________________________..

45. The flush toilet was invented during this time period. ______ _________________________.

46. Humanism involved: ________________________________.

47. Who is the author of The Courtier? _____________________________

48. Which Renaissance artist kept notebooks with extensive observations? ______________________________

49. Architects considered the perfect shape to be a _____________________________

50. Renaissance art has all of these characteristics ________________________________________.

51. What is fresco? _________________________________________

52. What artist took 50 years to design the doors for the baptistery of a local cathedral? _________________________

53. Who was the author of The Divine Comedy? ____________________________

54. Both an artist and scientist, who was probably the best example of a “Renaissance Man?” ________________

55. How many years did Michangelo spend on his back while painting the Sistine Chapel? _____________


III Chapter 13-The Reformation

56. The Great Schism resulted from strong differences of opinion between __________________________ and ________________________________. (groups)

57. Between 1100 and the late 1400’s, the Catholic church became more _____________________ (adjective)

58. Martin Luther’s reform efforts were rooted in this belief that salvation was obtainable through ____________________________________.

59. How did Luther spread his ideas? _________________________________________.

60. Luther’s reaction to the Peasants’ War gained him support from _________________________

61. The Peace of Augsburg that ended the war between German princes resulted in _______________________________________________________________________________________

62. Which religious groups held that God had chosen certain people for salvation? _____________________________________________________________________________________

63. What religion was founded by a king? ___________________________________________________

64. What was not a goal of the Council of Trent? ________________________________________________ (unpopular)

65. Before the Scientific Revolution, people’s ideas about science were based mostly on ____________________________________________________________________________________

66. Which scientific theory outraged the Catholic Church? _________________________________________ (idea)

67. People bought indulgences to avoid __________________________________ (place)

68. The central idea in predestination is that the individual believer ______________________________________________________________________________________

69. What was the Counter Reformation? ______________________________________________________________________________________

70. The Catholic church’s main purpose in reviving the inquisition was to ______________________________________________________________________________________

71. _______________________ (person) tested the theory that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones.

72. _____ _____________ (person) was an Egyptian astronomer who believed that the earth was the center of the universe.

73. . ______________________ (person) was a physician whose study of the human body increased knowledge of anatomy.

74. ________________________ (person) developed the theory that the same force that makes apples fall keeps planets in their orbits.

75. _____ ___________________ (person) first published the theory that the sun was at the center of the universe.

76. What was the cause of the Reformation? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

77. Who was considered the first reformer of the Reformation? ______________________________________________________________________________________

78. The best explanation for an indulgence is ______________________________________________________

79. Ignatius of Loyola did what? ________________________________________________________________

80. The organization that attempted to limit the power of Charles V was _________________________________

81. One example of radical Protestantism is _____________________________________________________

82. The rule of Mary I in England can be described as ______________________________________________________________________________________

83. Calvinism spread to all of the following places except ______________________________________________________________________________________

84. The primary interests of the Jesuits were to ___________________________________________________

85. The group that Menno Simons created was a part of the __________________________________________

IV Chapter 14- The Age of Exploration
The Following are true or false statements. Look them up and write whether they are true or false.

86. What was the major goal of exploration during the 1400’s? ______________________________________________________________________________________

87. In the 1400’s, the country that MOST threatened Italy’s domination of European trade with the East was ___________________________________________________________________________________

88. The main reason that European nations sought a sea route to the East was ______________________________________________________________________________________
89. The major reason why no ship went south of Cape Bojador before 1434 was ______________________________________________________________________________________

90. The first Europeans to explore North America were the _________________________________________

91. The journey would take less time if you choose to sail with the _________________________________

92. You would eventually need to sail out of the current used fro the first part of the journey because ___________________________________________________________________________________

93. A caravel could weigh anywhere from 57 to 200 tons _______________________________________

94. Generally sailors could survive long voyages _____________________________________________

95. The mizzenmast, the main mast, and the forecastle were all parts of the caravel __________________________

96. Who were the first people to discover the New World? ____________________________

97. Christopher Columbus first landed in the Americas. _____________________________

98. The Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria were only 50 feet long. _________________________________

99. Vasco de Balboa explored the coast of Costa Rica. ___________________________________

100. Cartography is the art of making maps. _________________________________________

101. A navigator is one who plots his course without the help of a map. _________________________

102. It was John Cabot who named “Newfoundland.” _______________________

103. Ferdinand Magellan died in Spain after returning from his famous voyage. _______________________

104. Queen Isabella sold her jewelry to fund Christopher Columbus’ journey. _____________________

105. Europeans exports included wool, timber, and guns. _______________________

106. For many years Venice had a monopoly, or complete control, over the spice trade with the East. ________________________________

107. The difference between the value of the goods a country sells to other countries and the value of the goods it buys from other countries is called the balance of power. _______________________

108. Gold that has been melted down and then molded into bars of specific weights is called bullion. _____________________________

109. Countries established missions, or settlements of their own citizens, in the lands they explored. __________________________

110. A voyage of circumnavigation is a journey halfway around the earth.. _______________________



Part V Chapter 17-European Expansion (The French and English Monarchy)
Fill in the answer.

111. The Huguenots in France were ___________________________________

112. Why did Cardinal Richelieu destroy the castles of many French Nobles? _________________________


113. In the English Civil War, the supporters of King Charles I fought against those who supported ______________________________________________________________________________

114. William and Mary became the rulers of England as part of the _____________________________


115. Attempt by European rulers to control all aspects of their states. ______________________________

116. This theory assumed God appointed all monarchs to rule on His behalf _________________________

117. English king from 1600 to 1685. ____________________________________

118. English conspirator involved in the Popish Plot ___________________________________

119. Came to the English throne in 1685; sent into exile in 1688. ___________________________________

120. Bloodless coup which brought William and Mary to the English throne. _____________________________

121. 1689 parliamentary act which gave increased power to Parliament. ___________________________

122. English queen who ruled from 1702-1714. ________________________________________

123. Union in 1707 of England and Scotland. ______________________________

124. Greatest absolute monarch in French history. _________________________________________

125. House of Parliament which has control of taxes. ______________________________________

126. Political system in England since 1688 which defines government _______________________________

127. European economic theory of the 1600’s and 1700’s. ________________________________________

128. French royal document which allowed citizens to be jailed without trial. __________________________

129. Royal palace of Louis XIV and later monarch __________________________________________






Part VI Chapter 18-The Enlightenment
Fill in the Correct Answer

130. Enlightenment thinkers believed that the key to changing the world was _________________________________________________________

131. How did the French government and the pope respond to the Encyclopedie? __________________________________________________________________________________

132. Enlightenment thinkers did not believe in increasing _______________________________________

133. The main cause of the French Revolution was anger over ____________________________________________________________________________________


134. New farming methods in the 1500s through the 1700’s in England did not included ___________________________________________________________________________________

135. The term natural rights, as used by Lock and the Enlightenment thinkers, refers to the idea that ___________________________________________________________________________________

136. The Enlightenment philosophes were people whose main interest was ____________________________________________________________________________________

137. The practice of enclosing farm land was harmful to ________________________________________

138. Locke’s theory of a “social contract” as it is expressed in the U.S. Constitution concern an agreement ____________________________________________________________________________________


Semester Two Final
Study Guide

There will be a written section for your final. I will give you ten questions and I will randomly pick five, so you will need to be prepared for all the questions. You may NOT prepare answers ahead of time to add to your test.
Each question will be worth 20 points.

1. Was the guillotine a humane way of execution or do you think it was just another form of torture? Explain your answer.
2. Describe the use of the guillotine. Why was it invented and what was its key role in the French Revolution.
3. Describe and explain the causes of the French Revolution.
4. Describe the instability of the English Monarchy after the death of Elizabeth I and explain the reasons why the government went through so many rulers.
5. Explain the similarities and differences between primary and secondary sources.
6. Explain and defend why you feel teaching history at school is relevant to us today. If you feel learning history in school is not relevant, explain and defend why you feel this way.
7. How did the plague lead to conflict between peasants and landlords?
8. How did Martin Luther’s beliefs in justification by faith conflict with Catholic beliefs and practices?
9. In 1419, why did Portugal begin exploration off the west coast of Africa?
10. What is the difference between the Eastern and Western churches?