Study Guide for the Final Exam
These questions will be on your exam. Fill in the blank with the correct answers. There are several versions of the exam so you are given ALL of the questions from the different exams. All of these answers can be found in your book, notes, packets, and class activities. You will need to turn in this study guide when you have your final! Failure to turn it in will receive 20 points off their final grade!
I Chapter 11-The Middle Ages and Church Control
Fill in the answer
1. The rank of church officials correctly from low to high was _____________, ________________, and _______________ (priest, bishop, pope)
2. In Europe in the Middle Ages, who was most likely would be able to read and write? _______________ (group of people)
3. In 1071 the Byzantine Empire was invaded by _________________
4. How was the Fourth Crusade different from the First crusade? __________________________________________________________________________________
5. Crusade means _______________ _____________________.
6. A heretic was one who __________________________________
7. If a crusader fought he was promised _________________________________________________.
8. A French-knight crusader was referred to as a _______________________.
9. The Christians captured Jerusalem in _____________ (year)
10. The main crusader state was _____________________.
11. The Muslims retook Jerusalem in ___________ (year)
12. One of the biggest and most popular type of architecture during the Middle Ages was _______________________ (type)
13. What marked the end of the Medieval Era ______________________________________________ (time period)
14. Manu Scriptus means _________________________ (translation)
15. The Black Death was transmitted by______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. The Plague was called the black death because ____________________________________________________________________________________
17. The late middle ages was a time of _______________________________________________________
18. What was sparked by Pope Urban II famous 1095 speech ______________________________________________________________________________(event)
19. Where did the Plague originate? ___________________________________________________ (continent)
20. A person who disagreed with the Catholic Church were known as _____________________________________________________________________ (group)
21. How many soldiers headed the call to fight in the crusades? ________________________ (number)
22. The children’s crusade involved this amount of children. _________________________ (number)
23. The children’s crusade failed because _________________________________ (reason)
24. The end of the crusade brought ____________________________________ (effects)
25. What was a heresy grace period? __________________________________________________ (during the Inquisition)
26. What was the Conduct of Inquiry? ____________________________________________________ (during the Inquisition)
II Chapter 12-The Renaissance
Fill in the answer
27. Who discovered the pendulum in the clock? ___________________________________ (person)
28. Who invented the printing press? ____________________________ (person)
29. Before muskets, soldiers fought with: _____________________________ (types of weapons).
30. The flush toilet was invented by ______________________________________________ (person)
31. What types of jobs did merchants have? ___________________________________________
32. Michelangelo’s patron was _____________________________ (person)
33. How many city-states were in Italy? ___________________________ (number)
34. Italian city-states suffered from _________________________ (type of conflicts)
35. Venice was a major center of trade mainly because _____________________________ (reason)
36. The Italian intellectual movement based on the study of classical culture is known as _________________.
37. The writer of the most famous political works of the Renaissance “The Prince” was _______________________________ (person)
38. Some of the major Italian city-states were ___________________________________________________________________________________
39. In general, who were the most powerful people in each city-state? ______________________________ (group)
40. The Renaissance was known for being the time of the greatest works of _______________________,_________________, and _____________________________.
41. Population rose during the Renaissance because of increased __________________ __________________.
42. Who isn’t a Northern Renaissance painter? (Durer, Holbein, Castiglione, and Jan Van Eyck)
43. An oligarchy means to be ruled by ___ ______________ _______________ _________________..
44. A “condottieri” was a group of __________________ _________________________..
45. The flush toilet was invented during this time period. ______ _________________________.
46. Humanism involved: ________________________________.
47. Who is the author of The Courtier? _____________________________
48. Which Renaissance artist kept notebooks with extensive observations? ______________________________
49. Architects considered the perfect shape to be a _____________________________
50. Renaissance art has all of these characteristics ________________________________________.
51. What is fresco? _________________________________________
52. What artist took 50 years to design the doors for the baptistery of a local cathedral? _________________________
53. Who was the author of The Divine Comedy? ____________________________
54. Both an artist and scientist, who was probably the best example of a “Renaissance Man?” ________________
55. How many years did Michangelo spend on his back while painting the Sistine Chapel? _____________
III Chapter 13-The Reformation
56. The Great Schism resulted from strong differences of opinion between __________________________ and ________________________________. (groups)
57. Between 1100 and the late 1400’s, the Catholic church became more _____________________ (adjective)
58. Martin Luther’s reform efforts were rooted in this belief that salvation was obtainable through ____________________________________.
59. How did Luther spread his ideas? _________________________________________.
60. Luther’s reaction to the Peasants’ War gained him support from _________________________
61. The Peace of Augsburg that ended the war between German princes resulted in _______________________________________________________________________________________
62. Which religious groups held that God had chosen certain people for salvation? _____________________________________________________________________________________
63. What religion was founded by a king? ___________________________________________________
64. What was not a goal of the Council of Trent? ________________________________________________ (unpopular)
65. Before the Scientific Revolution, people’s ideas about science were based mostly on ____________________________________________________________________________________
66. Which scientific theory outraged the Catholic Church? _________________________________________ (idea)
67. People bought indulgences to avoid __________________________________ (place)
68. The central idea in predestination is that the individual believer ______________________________________________________________________________________
69. What was the Counter Reformation? ______________________________________________________________________________________
70. The Catholic church’s main purpose in reviving the inquisition was to ______________________________________________________________________________________
71. _______________________ (person) tested the theory that heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones.
72. _____ _____________ (person) was an Egyptian astronomer who believed that the earth was the center of the universe.
73. . ______________________ (person) was a physician whose study of the human body increased knowledge of anatomy.
74. ________________________ (person) developed the theory that the same force that makes apples fall keeps planets in their orbits.
75. _____ ___________________ (person) first published the theory that the sun was at the center of the universe.
76. What was the cause of the Reformation? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
77. Who was considered the first reformer of the Reformation? ______________________________________________________________________________________
78. The best explanation for an indulgence is ______________________________________________________
79. Ignatius of Loyola did what? ________________________________________________________________
80. The organization that attempted to limit the power of Charles V was _________________________________
81. One example of radical Protestantism is _____________________________________________________
82. The rule of Mary I in England can be described as ______________________________________________________________________________________
83. Calvinism spread to all of the following places except ______________________________________________________________________________________
84. The primary interests of the Jesuits were to ___________________________________________________
85. The group that Menno Simons created was a part of the __________________________________________
IV Chapter 14- The Age of Exploration
The Following are true or false statements. Look them up and write whether they are true or false.
86. What was the major goal of exploration during the 1400’s? ______________________________________________________________________________________
87. In the 1400’s, the country that MOST threatened Italy’s domination of European trade with the East was ___________________________________________________________________________________
88. The main reason that European nations sought a sea route to the East was ______________________________________________________________________________________
89. The major reason why no ship went south of Cape Bojador before 1434 was ______________________________________________________________________________________
90. The first Europeans to explore North America were the _________________________________________
91. The journey would take less time if you choose to sail with the _________________________________
92. You would eventually need to sail out of the current used fro the first part of the journey because ___________________________________________________________________________________
93. A caravel could weigh anywhere from 57 to 200 tons _______________________________________
94. Generally sailors could survive long voyages _____________________________________________
95. The mizzenmast, the main mast, and the forecastle were all parts of the caravel __________________________
96. Who were the first people to discover the New World? ____________________________
97. Christopher Columbus first landed in the Americas. _____________________________
98. The Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria were only 50 feet long. _________________________________
99. Vasco de Balboa explored the coast of Costa Rica. ___________________________________
100. Cartography is the art of making maps. _________________________________________
101. A navigator is one who plots his course without the help of a map. _________________________
102. It was John Cabot who named “Newfoundland.” _______________________
103. Ferdinand Magellan died in Spain after returning from his famous voyage. _______________________
104. Queen Isabella sold her jewelry to fund Christopher Columbus’ journey. _____________________
105. Europeans exports included wool, timber, and guns. _______________________
106. For many years Venice had a monopoly, or complete control, over the spice trade with the East. ________________________________
107. The difference between the value of the goods a country sells to other countries and the value of the goods it buys from other countries is called the balance of power. _______________________
108. Gold that has been melted down and then molded into bars of specific weights is called bullion. _____________________________
109. Countries established missions, or settlements of their own citizens, in the lands they explored. __________________________
110. A voyage of circumnavigation is a journey halfway around the earth.. _______________________
Part V Chapter 17-European Expansion (The French and English Monarchy)
Fill in the answer.
111. The Huguenots in France were ___________________________________
112. Why did Cardinal Richelieu destroy the castles of many French Nobles? _________________________
113. In the English Civil War, the supporters of King Charles I fought against those who supported ______________________________________________________________________________
114. William and Mary became the rulers of England as part of the _____________________________
115. Attempt by European rulers to control all aspects of their states. ______________________________
116. This theory assumed God appointed all monarchs to rule on His behalf _________________________
117. English king from 1600 to 1685. ____________________________________
118. English conspirator involved in the Popish Plot ___________________________________
119. Came to the English throne in 1685; sent into exile in 1688. ___________________________________
120. Bloodless coup which brought William and Mary to the English throne. _____________________________
121. 1689 parliamentary act which gave increased power to Parliament. ___________________________
122. English queen who ruled from 1702-1714. ________________________________________
123. Union in 1707 of England and Scotland. ______________________________
124. Greatest absolute monarch in French history. _________________________________________
125. House of Parliament which has control of taxes. ______________________________________
126. Political system in England since 1688 which defines government _______________________________
127. European economic theory of the 1600’s and 1700’s. ________________________________________
128. French royal document which allowed citizens to be jailed without trial. __________________________
129. Royal palace of Louis XIV and later monarch __________________________________________
Part VI Chapter 18-The Enlightenment
Fill in the Correct Answer
130. Enlightenment thinkers believed that the key to changing the world was _________________________________________________________
131. How did the French government and the pope respond to the Encyclopedie? __________________________________________________________________________________
132. Enlightenment thinkers did not believe in increasing _______________________________________
133. The main cause of the French Revolution was anger over ____________________________________________________________________________________
134. New farming methods in the 1500s through the 1700’s in England did not included ___________________________________________________________________________________
135. The term natural rights, as used by Lock and the Enlightenment thinkers, refers to the idea that ___________________________________________________________________________________
136. The Enlightenment philosophes were people whose main interest was ____________________________________________________________________________________
137. The practice of enclosing farm land was harmful to ________________________________________
138. Locke’s theory of a “social contract” as it is expressed in the U.S. Constitution concern an agreement ____________________________________________________________________________________
Semester Two Final
Study Guide
There will be a written section for your final. I will give you ten questions and I will randomly pick five, so you will need to be prepared for all the questions. You may NOT prepare answers ahead of time to add to your test.
Each question will be worth 20 points.
1. Was the guillotine a humane way of execution or do you think it was just another form of torture? Explain your answer.
2. Describe the use of the guillotine. Why was it invented and what was its key role in the French Revolution.
3. Describe and explain the causes of the French Revolution.
4. Describe the instability of the English Monarchy after the death of Elizabeth I and explain the reasons why the government went through so many rulers.
5. Explain the similarities and differences between primary and secondary sources.
6. Explain and defend why you feel teaching history at school is relevant to us today. If you feel learning history in school is not relevant, explain and defend why you feel this way.
7. How did the plague lead to conflict between peasants and landlords?
8. How did Martin Luther’s beliefs in justification by faith conflict with Catholic beliefs and practices?
9. In 1419, why did Portugal begin exploration off the west coast of Africa?
10. What is the difference between the Eastern and Western churches?
